Multiset Path Orderings and Their Application to Termination of Term Rewriting Systems

In this expository paper, a comprehensive study of multiset orderings, nested multiset orderings and multiset path orderings is presented. In particular, it is illustrated how multiset path orderings admit the use of relatively simple and intuitive termination functions that lead to termination of  a class of term rewriting systems

Relative efficiency of sulphur sources at varying rate in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system

A field experiment was conducted during 2010-11 and 2011-12 at the research farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of sulphur fertilization on productivity, economics and nutrient use efficiencies of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system.The results revealed that aerobic rice and wheat both responded to sulphur significantly. Sulphur fertilization in aerobic rice through gypsum @ 30 and 60 kg S/ha and phosphogypsum @ 30 and 60 kg S/ha increased the rice equivalent yield of system by 7.8, 10.6, 7.0 and 9.8 %, respectively, over control (no sulphur in rice). The values for per cent increase in rice equivalent yield of systems was 8.4 and 11.6% for 15 and 30 kg S/ha, respectively, when applied to wheat over the control treatment in wheat. Significant response of S applied to rice was found only up to 30 kg S/ha, except 30 kg S/ha applied through phosphogypsum during 2010-11. In wheat, significant response of S was found only up to 15 kg S/ha during second year. During first year of rice-wheat cropping system, economic optimum dose (EOD) of sulphur was 30 kg S/ha through gypsum to rice and 15 kg elemental S/ha to succeeding wheat, while during second year only 30 kg S/ha through either of the sources to rice was found sufficient for both the crops. The apparent sulphur balances and available sulphur in soil were more in higher doses of S application to both the crops. The partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency and crop recovery of applied S were highest with application of 30 kg S/ha in aerobic rice and 15 kg S/ha in succeeding wheat during both the years of experimentation

An Outline of the Development of the Theory of Formal languages

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to present a crisp and critical survey of the development of the theory of formal languages. It is known that the study of formal languages was initiated in order to give a precise characterization of the structure of natural languages with the goal of defining its syntax using simple and precise mathematical rules. The mathematical theory of formal languages grew with the need of formalizing and describing the process linked with the use of computers and communication devices. In course of time, it has occupied an important place in the core of education of computer scientists and linguists, and more recently, it has found applications as well in soft sciences, such as, biology and economics

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Not AvailableA field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2007 at Agronomy Research Farm, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the effect of crop geometry and nitrogen levels on growth and yield of newly develop pearl millet hybrid HHB197. Four spacing patterns viz., 45 x 12, 45 x 16, 60 x 12 and 60 x 16 cm and five nitrogen levels viz., control, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha-1 tested in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications. Plant growth in terms of height, dry matter accumulation plant-1, leaf area plant-1 increased significantly with increase in spacing at most of the stages of observations. Similarly, yield attributing characters like effective tillers plant-1, 1000 grain weight, length of earhead and girth of earhead increased significantly with increase in spacing.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA field experiment was conducted during 2010-11 and 2011-12 at the research farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of sulphur fertilization on productivity, economics and nutrient use efficiencies of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system.The results revealed that aerobic rice and wheat both responded to sulphur significantly. Sulphur fertilization in aerobic rice through gypsum @ 30 and 60 kg S/ha and phosphogypsum @ 30 and 60 kg S/ha increased the rice equivalent yield of system by 7.8, 10.6, 7.0 and 9.8 %, respectively, over control (no sulphur in rice). The values for per cent increase in rice equivalent yield of systems was 8.4 and 11.6% for 15 and 30 kg S/ha, respectively, when applied to wheat over the control treatment in wheat. Significant response of S applied to rice was found only up to 30 kg S/ha, except 30 kg S/ha applied through phosphogypsum during 2010-11. In wheat, significant response of S was found only up to 15 kg S/ha during second year. During first year of rice-wheat cropping system, economic optimum dose (EOD) of sulphur was 30 kg S/ha through gypsum to rice and 15 kg elemental S/ha to succeeding wheat, while during second year only 30 kg S/ha through either of the sources to rice was found sufficient for both the crops. The apparent sulphur balances and available sulphur in soil were more in higher doses of S application to both the crops. The partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency and crop recovery of applied S were highest with application of 30 kg S/ha in aerobic rice and 15 kg S/ha in succeeding wheat during both the years of experimentation.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThis study reports qualitative profiling of the phenolic compounds in an indigenously developed purple radish genotype VRRAD-151 using ultra performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. The root and leaf samples were harvested at the horticultural maturity stage of the genotype. Roots were divided into the periderm, and xylem, and the leaf samples were divided into petiole, and lamina, and these were separately extracted with methanol before the LC-MS analysis. A total of 66 compounds, including 23 flavonols, 1 dihydroflavonols, 4 flavonones, 4 flavones, 28 anthocyanins, 2 isoflavonoids, 3 phenolic acids, and 1 hydroxybenzaldehyde were putatively identified based on high resolution accurate mass analysis with the data processing through UNIFI , which is a comprehensive compound identification software solution. An in-house developed database comprising the secondary metabolites of polyphenols was used for the screening purpose, and each phenolic compound was identified based on the detection of the precursor ion, and at least one characteristic fragment ion, each with less than 5 ppm of mass error. Anthocyanins were the most abundant type of phenolics exhibiting 59% in leaf petiole, 80% in root periderm, and 90% in root xylem. The relative concentration of anthocyanins was lower (11%) in the leaf lamina. Cyanidins were the most predominant anthocyanins accounting for 54, 100, 90 and 65%, in leaf lamina, leaf petiole, root periderm and root xylem, respectively.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThis study reports qualitative profiling of the phenolic compounds in an indigenously developed purple radish genotype VRRAD-151 using ultra performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. The root and leaf samples were harvested at the horticultural maturity stage of the genotype. Roots were divided into the periderm, and xylem, and the leaf samples were divided into petiole, and lamina, and these were separately extracted with methanol before the LC-MS analysis. A total of 66 compounds, including 23 flavonols, 1 dihydroflavonols, 4 flavonones, 4 flavones, 28 anthocyanins, 2 isoflavonoids, 3 phenolic acids, and 1 hydroxybenzaldehyde were putatively identified based on high resolution accurate mass analysis with the data processing through UNIFI, which is a comprehensive compound identification software solution. An in-house developed database comprising the secondary metabolites of polyphenols was used for the screening purpose, and each phenolic compound was identified based on the detection of the precursor ion, and at least one characteristic fragment ion, each with less than 5 ppm of mass error. Anthocyanins were the most abundant type of phenolics exhibiting 59% in leaf petiole, 80% in root periderm, and 90% in root xylem. The relative concentration of anthocyanins was lower (11%) in the leaf lamina. Cyanidins were the most predominant anthocyanins accounting for 54, 100, 90 and 65%, in leaf lamina, leaf petiole, root periderm and root xylem, respectively. Eight anthocyanins and 25 flavonols (except kaempferol-3-O-p-coumaryl-shophoroside-7-Oglucoside) are tentatively new identifications and reported for the first time in radish. Flavonols were found to be the predominant group of phenolic compounds in the leaf lamina, and interestingly, the gradient of antioxidant activity followed the (relative) concentration gradient of flavonols in the samples. The relative antioxidant activity of various fractions when compared with each other, followed the trend: leaf lamina > root periderm > leaf petiole root xylem. Based on the results it can be reflected that this genotype can be utilized as a functional food for management of various human and animal diseases. Since the detected anthocyanins were mostly present in acylated forms, this genotype can function as a potential source of stable natural colorants.Not Availabl

Ozonation for pesticide residue removal and its effect on ascorbic acid, lycopene, β-Carotene and phenolic content in tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum) fruits.

Not AvailableDetoxification of six pesticides namely chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, azoxystrobin, hexaconazole, methyl parathion and chlorothalonil on tomato fruits is reported using Kent ozonizer. Ozonation for 15 minutes decreased residues of the test pesticides in the range of 20.18–69.84% and for 30 minutes by 38.78–90.24% as compared to 18.36–69.7% by water washing. Chlorpyrifos was the least removed pesticide whereas chlorothalonil was removed upto 90.24%. Ozonation for 30 min reduced the ascorbic acid (vitamin C), lycopene and β-carotene content of tomato by 24.8, 10.9 and 24.9% respectively. Overall, higher amount of polyphenols was detected in ozonated samples as compared to control. However, individually eleven different polyphenols showed different trends, some increasing on ozonation while the others decreased

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Not AvailableOzonated water dip technique was evaluated for the detoxification of six pesticides, i.e., chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, azoxystrobin, hexaconazole, methyl parathion, and chlorothalonil from apple fruits. Results revealed that ozonation was better than washing alone. Ozonation for 15 min decreased residues of the test pesticides in the range of from 26.91 to 73.58%, while ozonation for 30 min could remove the pesticide residues by 39.39–95.14% compared to 19.05–72.80% by washing. Cypermethrin was the least removed pesticide by washing as well as by ozonation. Chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, and azoxystrobin were removed up to 71.45– 95.14 % in a 30-min ozonation period. In case of methyl parathion removal, no extra advantage could be obtained by ozonation. The HPLC analysis indicated that ozonation also affected adversely the ascorbic acid and cyanidin-3-glucoside content of apples. However, 11 polyphenols studied showed a mixed trend. Gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, epicatechin, pcoumaric acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, and kaempferol were found to decrease while syringic acid, rutin, and resveratrol were found to increase in 30-min ozonation.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableOzonated water dip technique was evaluated for the detoxification of six pesticides, i.e., chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, azoxystrobin, hexaconazole, methyl parathion, and chlorothalonil from apple fruits. Results revealed that ozonation was better than washing alone. Ozonation for 15 min decreased residues of the test pesticides in the range of from 26.91 to 73.58%, while ozonation for 30 min could remove the pesticide residues by 39.39–95.14 % compared to 19.05–72.80 % by washing. Cypermethrin was the least removed pesticide by washing as well as by ozonation. Chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, and azoxystrobin were removed up to 71.45– 95.14 % in a 30-min ozonation period. In case of methyl parathion removal, no extra advantage could be obtained by ozonation. The HPLC analysis indicated that ozonation also affected adversely the ascorbic acid and cyanidin-3-glucoside content of apples. However, 11 polyphenols studied showed a mixed trend. Gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, epicatechin, pcoumaric acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, and kaempferol were found to decrease while syringic acid, rutin, and resveratrol were found to increase in 30-min ozonationNot Availabl